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普京能撐多久?

7/23/2022

7 評論

 
水秉和

     最新一期的《外交事務》中有一篇英國學者,Vladislav Zubok, 寫的文章,題目是“普京能撐多久?”(Can Putin Survive?)他曾經寫了一本敘述蘇聯解體的書,所以對俄羅斯深有瞭解。他首先指出,許多西方精英把普京在烏克蘭的行動比作前蘇聯在阿富汗的行動,認爲普京也會遭遇到像戈巴喬夫在阿富汗的命運,也就是注定失敗。他説,這是認知錯誤。他指出,1991年蘇聯解體并不是因爲阿富汗失利和石油價格下滑等不利因素,而是因爲戈巴喬夫的經濟政策失敗,濫印盧布,造成嚴重通脹,和一些政治決策的錯誤所導致。

     相對而言,他説,現在的俄羅斯比較接近中國,政治屬於威權體制,經濟制度卻已經是資本主義經濟,跟戈巴喬夫時代的混亂情況完全不能相提并論。并且,普京汲取了教訓,任用非常能幹的財經人才,使俄羅斯的財政非常穩定,政府開支有盈餘,對西方的極限制裁,他也應付的很成功。此外,西方精英還有另外一個認知錯誤,那就是以爲俄國内部有一大批心向西方的精英,如果戰爭持續一段時間,他們會反對普京,使普京失去權力。他認爲這也是認知錯誤,因爲,心向西方,憧憬西方生活方式的人絕大多數居住在大城市,他們衹是少數,而絕大多數生活在農村或小城鎮的人,生活程度不高,需要政府津貼,他們仍然具有俄國人傳統的價值觀,普遍都支持普京。“雖然如此”,他説,“西方應當堅持下去。制裁將會逐漸消耗俄國的戰爭資源,消弱它的戰力。面對戰場上失利,克林姆拉宮可能會勉强接受并不完全滿意的停火。”今後,“將有一段時期,烏克蘭和整個西方必須同一個弱化的,受到屈辱的,可是仍然是威權式的俄國共處。西方必須對這個前景有心理準備,而不是夢想莫斯科崩潰。”

     我相信,他至少說對了一點,那就是俄國不會崩潰,普京不會被逼下臺。至於俄國是否會在戰場失利,以至於弱化,那就難説了。他說:西方應當堅持下去。這是核心問題:西方能夠堅持下去嗎?

     6月底,拜登在G7峰會上發出豪語:“要打多久,就打多久!”(as long as it takes)而就在哪個時刻,俄軍已經占領了北頓涅斯克,一個南部的重要城市。其後5天,又繼續攻克易守難攻的利西昌斯克,已經占領了盧甘斯克的全部。由於烏克蘭的主力部隊大部分都在東部駐防,在四個多月的激烈戰爭之後,據報導,在該區域它的傷亡人數已高達80%。(俄國黑客攻擊2000多烏克蘭網站,聲稱烏軍死亡人數已達5至7萬,而受傷人數可能是此數的兩倍)俄軍在第一階段失利,傷亡嚴重,可是在第二階段改變戰法,步步爲營,先用火炮優勢摧毀烏軍,然後才由部隊前進掃蕩,所以俄軍的傷亡人數減少,尚未獲得西方先進武器的烏軍傷亡慘重。7月初,烏軍終於開始使用美國的多管火箭炮,對俄軍造成較大的傷害,可是,是不是爲時已晚了呢?

     目前,烏軍另外的主力集結在頓涅斯克,約7萬人,現在戰火正激。并且,澤連斯基宣稱,烏方正在向南部調動部隊,反攻已經被俄軍拿下的核爾松地區。

     7月12日,《紐約時報》專欄評論家佛利曼說,夏天是烏軍反攻期,冬天是俄軍的機遇期。這也是澤連斯基在G7峰會的視頻中的説法。他說,這場戰事必須在年底之前結束,因爲冬天打仗俄軍占有優勢。他説,烏克蘭政府每月需要50億美元的經費,需要援助。此外,根據報導,他的助理,Podolyak,已經向北約提出了一份清單,裏面包括:1000門榴彈炮(Howitzer),500輛坦克,300套多管火箭系統(MLRS)和1000 架無人機。澤連斯基似乎相信,如果他拿到這批武器,烏軍能夠在年底之前打退俄軍。

     根據美國國防部網站公佈的信息,美國至今僅僅向烏提供了72門榴彈炮,4套多管火箭炮(另外加列了4套,英德也各捐3套。俄方聲稱已經擊毀兩套這個哈馬斯系統),120架無人機。即使加上歐盟諸國的捐獻,總數距離這份清單的要求仍然有非常大的距離。根據英文網報Asia Times 的軍事分析員Uwe Parpart 說,他請教了一位美國步軍少將,獲悉,1000門榴彈炮可以裝備50 營的兵力,如果他們同時接受訓練,需要6個月的時間才能熟悉運用。多管火箭炮當然也需要一段時間的訓練,不過烏軍已經在歐洲的一些國家接受這種訓練。

     8月即將到來,這將是俄烏戰爭的決定性時刻。如果烏軍反攻失敗,那麽對俄羅斯而言,那就是大事底定了。所以,這裏就出現了幾個關鍵問題:一,美國和北約肯不肯提供這麽多先進武器?二,即使有了這些武器,并且能夠獲得及時的訓練,烏軍能戰勝俄軍嗎?三,如果這些武器真的對俄軍造成重大損失,俄軍是否會進一步加劇對烏克蘭的全面打擊,甚至動用戰術性核武器?四,如果俄軍徹底擊潰烏軍,甚至占據基輔,趕走澤連斯基,扶植一個親俄政權,北約怎麽辦?

     戰爭打了四個多月,北約提供武器的動作總是晚一步,現在,俄羅斯基本上已經占領了烏克蘭四分之一的領土,發給占領區的居民俄國護照,開始用俄語廣播,與俄羅斯的互聯網連綫,在學校使用俄語教科書等。最近,普京又頒佈法令,簡化烏克蘭境内所有烏克蘭公民獲取俄國國籍的手續。你説,他還會歸還已占領的土地嗎?沒有可能。即使西方現在提供更多先進武器,頂多是取得一個對峙的僵局,烏克蘭能夠奪回這些土地的可能性等於零。理由很簡單,普京還有更厲害的武器,如高超音速的大殺器和戰術性核武器,他有能力徹底毀掉烏克蘭。

     再説,雖然理論上這些武器不是美國和北約免費提供給烏克蘭的,美國先後提供的總值高達80億的武器,其中一大部分就像二戰期間向盟國提供的武器一樣,是需要日後還錢的。歐洲各國捐助的武器有一部分也是需要烏克蘭付錢的。可是,烏克蘭的經濟已經一塌糊塗,現在正向歐盟索取重建經費,估計需要7500億美元,而戰爭還在打,破壞還在繼續。它那裏有錢還?所以,所有援助都將是肉包子打狗,有去無回。

     當然,如果澤連斯基被掃地出門,逃到他在佛羅里達的豪宅當寓公,新的政權肯定不會認賬。此外,歐盟諸國還承擔了約550萬以上難民的生活費。如果歐盟各國開始猶疑,不再像當初那麽慷慨,群衆開始示威游行,要罷免這批跟著美國走的政客,或者選出拒絕再當冤大頭的官員,應當也是大概率的事。這是說,如果戰爭打到冬天,歐洲的天然氣供應奇缺,我們要看北約怎麽辦。

      當然,拜登也是泥菩薩過江,自身難保,最近民調顯示,他的支持率已經掉到29%。11月的期中選舉,參衆兩院都可能變成共和黨的天下,他將成爲坡腳鴨總統,大部分提案都會遭到否決,包括支持烏克蘭的提案。他雖然說,要打多久就打多久,可惜的是,他能作這種決定的時間已經不多了。

      所以,美國和北約應當問的問題不是:普京能撐多久?而是,北約自己能撐多久?



​
7 評論
Alexander
7/25/2022 07:12:35 am

This article is the kind of verbal diarrhea that's typical of this author. Basically, he holds himself out as some kind of foreign policy authority, when in reality, he's just a hack. What kind of hack? The kind that churns out propaganda for the mainland, very typical, boring propaganda:

America: bad
Taiwan: bad
China: good
Russia: good, only because they're the enemy of my enemy.

It's really embarrassing though that this author is pretty representative of the state of Chinese language political commentary, outside of Taiwan. The Chinese intellectual class, of which this author fancies himself a member, prides itself collectively as being the true heir to this supposedly lofty, sublime, "confucian" cultural heritage. Every one of them regards himself as a "junzi". But the truth is that their actions, their beliefs, their opinions, their worldview, all of it is motivated by the most "Chinese" [and most "Russian"] emotion of all: resentment and jealousy. Just like Ah Q, the Chinese intellectual comforts himself with "spin", when reality says otherwise. And since he is consumed with resentment, the only thing that truly gives him pleasure is schadenfreude, which is the tone that this article projects.

When you take pleasure in the extreme suffering of tens of thousands, actually, millions, of innocent people in Ukraine, as this author does, when you are actively rooting for the bully, i.e., russia, you're actually worse than a garden variety "shiau-ren". You're a sadistic pervert and a scoundrel.

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Peter
7/26/2022 10:51:48 am

You must be able to read Chinese, otherwise how can you comment on the author's articles. Are you a Chinese American or a white person learned how to read Chinese? Are you working for some Gov't agencies? Don't you realize the suffering of the Ukraine people now is the result of the U.S. activities in Ukraine since 2014? Do you know how many of the Ukraine officials also hold U.S. citizenship? Don't you see the world is changing from the recent trip of President Biden to the Middle East? Living in fear now and resorting to name calling? I'd say, 'wake up, stupid!"

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JimmyY
7/25/2022 07:08:49 pm

Alesander,

Everyone is untitled to have his or her opinion, and you can ignore, agree or disagree. When you disagree, it is best to provide counter arguments with reasoning and logic. When you call somebody names, particularly in this forum, you are actually give those names to yourslef.

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A
7/26/2022 07:43:09 am

This reaction is a very typically "confucian" one. Exalting form and hollow etiquette over substance. So, you would say it is better to have a "polite" conversation where nothing of import is discussed, where everyone is "nice" to each other and says empty, meaningless, mind-numbing things as long as a kind of polite formality is observed. As opposed to calling people out for what they are truly saying.

I think it is appropriate here to call out this author for what he is really trying to say, which is that he hopes the russian aggressors would win. Never mind that this would entail inflicting the more extreme forms of pain and suffering on innocent people.Why? Here's why. This author seethes with resentment towards "mei di", towards america. But he sees no legitimate channel for venting his resentment. that is, until the Ukraine war came along. To him, the ukraine war is merely a proxy for the conflict between the liberal/democratic west, which he despises for intimately personal reasons, and authoritarianism, which he loves as an extension of his own megalomaniacal ego/id. He wants to see the liberal west defeated, to stoke his own ego/id. *Just* to stoke his own ego/id. The death and extreme suffering in Ukraine is, for him, just dramatic theater, just a scene in a show.

He could not care less about what is just and what is evil. Everything boils down to his own vanity. It's not a matter of whether I agree or disagree with this person. If you read the other articles he's written on this website, this article is of a piece with his other opinions. He is gleeful when Ukrainians are killed, boastful whenever russia declares the smallest [and most dubious] of "victories". Seeing as this Ukraine war is downright evil, there is no moral or ethical justification for his sentiments. When someone is expressing an idea or an opinion that is so morally wrong and offensive, you just need to stand up and call him out, and condemn him in the strongest terms. That's what I did.

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平和
7/26/2022 10:18:36 am

I agree with Jimmy. If you disagree with the author's view point, bring out your counter argument regarding the war. You say you are sympathetic with the Ukrainian's suffering, but will continue the war stop the Ukrainian's suffering? Why don't you look into the root cause of the conflict - the NATO eastward expansion, the US involvement in the 2014 color revolution that overthrew the legitimate government in Ukraine, etc.? Study the history before offering your highly biased, western-centric opinion.



Alexander
7/28/2022 08:22:58 am

I am what most Taiwanese would call "deep green". so I'm sure that's going to trigger a lot of intense hate and animosity here, in this space.

The Ukraine war is a moral litmus test: if you're rooting for russia, you are an immoral person, lacking in basic decency. The most pro-Russia, or anti-Ukraine, position that can be staked out by anyone having any real degree of humanity at all, is neutrality.

Even if you plead ignorance of this war's political complexities, all I have to do is direct your attention to the countless instances of war crimes perpetrated by russian soldiers, that are continuing to be perpetrated by russian soldiers. in the face of these atrocities, the most baseline, morally defensible position is to call for a complete and immediate ceasefire on the part of russia. I would like to see them withdraw and leave, but I know that would be too much to ask, unfortunately.

Let me put this in terms that the target demographic of this blog
(hardcore Chinese supremacists/unificationists) would appreciate: rooting for russia in this Ukraine war is morally and ethically equivalent to rooting for Nazi Germany in its homicidal campaign to exterminate Jews, or hoping the Japanese would "triumph" in China during WWII. [The Japanese are a people I feel absolutely no love for but that's another topic for anther time.]

So some of you are saying that the political machinations on the part of the US, supposedly, in Ukraine leading up to the war were what urged or motivated russia to attack Ukraine. Even assuming that that were true, so? You're basically saying that russia, which interfered in domestic Ukrainian politics even more actively than the US and the west, lost that "game". So, being a sore loser, it attacked Ukraine just to show the US/West what level of brutality it's capable of - to show force simply to save face. This would actually make sense if we all situated ourselves in a perverted mindset, where brutality, the most extreme and transgressive kind, is prized, because it invokes fear. This is not a political calculus that is normal, it's the psychotic delusions of a homicidal barbarian. This kind of perverted mindset is so completely, fundamentally at odds with the Chinese humanist tradition that I would assume most readers of this blog are coming from, that I don't understand why you would even think it's acceptable.

The same author wrote this:
http://www.us-chinaforum.com/27599369133554222727/4935962
So, the rape, mutilation, torture, murder of innocent children, girls and women are just collateral damage, in this author's view. According to him, achieving national [i.e., russian] "glory" specifically through barbarism and brutality, is a "noble" end.

I don't think it is. I think achieving "glory" through brutality is SATANIC.

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Peter
8/1/2022 12:01:20 pm

You are either so naive to believe everything you read in the Western media, or you are part of the paid stuff to echo and propagate the same lies.
"To achieve 'glory' through brutality is SATANIC," as you said in your comment is exactly what the West, especially the U.S., has been doing in the past centuries.
The "deep green" in Taiwan is just the running dog of the U.S. Glad you admitted it.

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